When the devastating cyclone ravaged Jamaica on 28 October with winds of 185mph, it left behind a landscape of utter destruction. Residences, hospitals, and vital systems were destroyed, leading to the tragic loss of 32 lives and affecting an estimated 1.5 million individuals. For mental health expert Toni-Jan Ifill, it was immediately clear that the material damage would be shadowed by profound and long-term traumatic memories.
“Simple sounds can trigger them,” Ifill notes. “One woman described a cart we often roll through the corridors, whose noise evoked memories of breaking wood and the roaring storm. She now refuses to hearing that auditory reminder.”
Over six weeks after the hurricane, which also impacted eastern Cuba, flashbacks of the terrifying winds continue to affect some staff at the University Hospital of the West Indies in Kingston. Even the sound of rain can now elicit trauma responses among survivors.
The Unseen Cost Amidst Financial Losses
This disaster led to a substantial financial package totaling $6.7 billion over a three-year period and an extra payout of $150 million from a groundbreaking risk financing tool. But, experts warn this financial relief fails to account for the unseen cost: widespread trauma—especially among those previously affected from a previous disaster in 2024.
While the primary focus is directed toward physical reconstruction, research over the past three years show that the risk of PTSD increases substantially after climate disasters and losing one's home. Experts are now calling for the integration of psychological care into disaster response plans across small island developing states.
Compounded Vulnerabilities: Displacement and Emotional Stability
Researchers emphasize how prolonged homelessness, vanishing incomes, and insufficient support worsen mental health risks. A 2023 Caribbean-focused paper warned of a clear threat of anxiety, depression, and PTSD after natural disasters. Another study recorded similar fear, anxiety, and distress among people displaced by tropical cyclones.
Dr. Eamin Heanoy, a expert who has examined disaster survivors globally, notes that survivors could face several key psychological hurdles: anxiety, depression, and PTSD.
Dr. Rose-Ann Smith, a lecturer in disaster studies, echoes this view. She notes that while humans are generally resilient, as the planet continues to warm, mental health is becoming an increasingly significant issue—although comprehensive data is often insufficient.
Both Smith and Heanoy found that female survivors showed more severe emotional impact than male counterparts. “It indicates that women are more susceptible than males during these events,” Smith says.
The Uncertain Path to Recovery
Dr. Heanoy notes that while some short-term recovery in mental health is often seen within a year of the event, long-term outcomes are still unclear. The degree to which survivors heal is largely determined by the circumstances of their suffering and the support available.
The experts note that the loss of homes and resources can magnify the emotional challenge to rebuild. Smith calls housing loss “a major source of stress,” particularly when financial safety nets are absent. “Reconstruction comes with its own emotional tax,” she adds.
Ifill sees the same pattern among her patients: “People who had previous psychological issues have found it’s far more intense in this short period of time.”
In addition to the mental toll, tangible issues remain. The hurricane severely damaged vital water infrastructure, slowing the reliable supply of water services. Financial aid, while necessary, are insufficient to fix the systemic weaknesses exposed by the storm.
Social Support as a Critical Lifeline
Critically is that physical reconstruction by itself cannot heal the deep sorrow caused by permanent disabilities. Expert analysis consistently finds that survivors often find community support to be more immediate than government assistance.
“Official action is crucial,” Smith acknowledges. “When it is lacking, or when it is inefficient, neighbors provide mutual aid.”
Ifill notes the value of community solidarity in navigating hardship. She notes she was “moved by the positive attitude” among strong communities. “Everything is destroyed, right? But if a community has a positive outlook, they share laughter about the storm.”
Additionally, she commends initiatives to promote emotional well-being after the disaster but cautions about the dangers of constant exposure to traumatic media. “I recommended limiting social media, trusting verified sources, and using messaging apps to connect with family.”
A Growing Regional Priority
In recent years, psychological support has garnered greater attention from world bodies due to the escalating climate crisis. The rising occurrence of hurricanes has catalyzed the development of guidelines for psychological first aid.
Regional institutions have published practical guides to help aid personnel in delivering psychosocial support in the wake of traumatic events. These projects aim to build community and personal strength by educating caregivers, combating stigma, and facilitating the access to psychological care.
Financial support are also underlined as crucial for safeguarding emotional well-being. A agricultural worker from another Caribbean nation, who lost everything in a similar event, highlights the hopelessness that arises when official support never arrives. “Assessments were made... But up to this day, we were not granted the promised help,” he says.
An Appeal for Comprehensive Rebuilding
Analysts observe that the Caribbean region is responsible for a minuscule fraction of worldwide greenhouse gases yet suffers extreme climate impacts. A rapid and adequately resourced rebuilding is deemed essential to mitigate enduring trauma.
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